Showing posts with label planemos. Show all posts
Showing posts with label planemos. Show all posts
Our Enigmatic Moon
Saturns Icy Moon Enceladus A Prime Candidate For Life
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11:11 AM
Thursday, December 20, 2012
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The findings, noted Porco, point to the possibility of "an environment where life itself might be stirring. Should we ever discover that a second genesis had occurred in our solar system, independently outside the Earth," she added, "then I think at that point the spell is broken. The existence theorem has been proven, and we could safely infer from it that life was not a bug but a feature of the universe in which we live, that it's commonplace and has occurred a staggering number of times."
On the surface, Saturn's icy moon Enceladus is one of the oddest places in our solar system to look for extraterrestrial life. Located in the frigid outer solar system, it should have frozen solid billions of years ago.
Unlike Mars or Jupiter's moon Europa, which give hints that they might harbor liquid water beneath their surfaces. With a diameter only slightly more than 500 miles, Enceladus just doesn't have the mass needed for its interior to stay warm enough to maintain liquid water underground.
Although its surface temperatures hover around 324 degrees below zero Fahrenheit, in 2005 NASA's Cassini spacecraft discovered a giant plume of water shooting up from cracks in the surface over the moon's south pole, indicating that there was a perhaps a global ocean of water beneath the ice.
Analysis of the plume by Cassini revealed that the water is salty, scientists estimate from the Cassini data that the south polar heating is equivalent to a continuous release of about 13 billion watts of energy generated by radiation coupled with tidal heating. During the formation of the solar system, if Enceladus was able to gather greater amounts of rock, which contained radioactive elements, enough heat could have been temporarily generated by the decay of the radioactive elements in its interior to melt the body.
But to keep Enceladus warm enough for liquid water to remain under its surface it's theorized that Enceladus' slightly oval-shaped orbit generates heat from friction deep within Enceladus, called gravitational tidal forcing.
The gravitational tides also produce stress that cracks open the surface ice at the south pole, opening and closing the cracks by shearing them back and forth generating friction, which releases heat.
To test the tidal heating theory, scientists with the Cassini team overlaid a map of the gravitational tidal stress on the moon's icy crust to a map of the warm zones created using Cassini's composite infrared spectrometer instrument (CIRS).
"However, they don't exactly match," says Dr. Terry Hurford of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. "For example, in the fissure called the Damascus Sulcus, the area experiencing the greatest amount of shearing is about 50 kilometers (about 31 miles) from the zone of greatest heat."
Hurford and his team believe that this discrepancy is caused by Enceladus' rotation rate, which wobbles slightly as it rotates. "Cassini observations have ruled out a wobble greater than about 2 degrees with respect to Enceladus' uniform rotation rate," says Hurford.
The team created a computer simulation that made maps of the surface stress on Enceladus for various wobbles, and found a range where the areas of greatest stress line up better with the observed warmest zones.
"Depending on whether the wobble moves with or against the movement of Saturn in Enceladus' sky, a wobble ranging from 2 degrees down to 0.75 degrees produces the best fit to the observed warmest zones," said Hurford.
The wobble also generates about five times more heat in Enceladus' interior than tidal stress alone, and the extra heat makes it likely that Enceladus' ocean could be long-lived, according to Hurford. This is significant in the search for life, because life requires a stable environment to develop.
"Enceladus is not completely spherical, so as it moves in its orbit, the pull of Saturn's gravity generates a net torque that forces the moon to wobble," said Hurford. Also, Enceladus' orbit is kept oval-shaped, maintaining the tidal stress, because of the gravitational tug from a neighboring larger moon Dione. Dione is farther away from Saturn than Enceladus, so it takes longer to complete its orbit. For every orbit Dione completes, Enceladus finishes two orbits, producing a regular alignment that pulls Enceladus' orbit into an oval shape.
The team includes researchers from NASA Goddard, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colo., and the University of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. The research was funded by the Cassini Data Analysis Program, which includes contributions from NASA and ESA.
Casey Kazan via NASA/JPL/Cassini and spacedaily.com
Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute, At least four distinct plumes of water ice spew out from the south polar region of Saturn's moon Enceladus in this dramatically illuminated image.
Source: http://www.dailygalaxy.com
Saturn Moon May Hide A Sub Surface Ocean
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1:54 PM
Friday, October 26, 2012
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Either possiblity for the classified of Mimas would be thrilling, according to Tajeddine, as the moon's in a thick layer cratered seeming arrival does not suggestion anything substandard slander bottom its departing. Since Mimas twisted self-important than four billion days ago, scientists would presume its midpoint to brandish sagging during a self-important or smaller quantity series shape by now. So if Mimas' midpoint is quadrilateral in shape, it biological represents a suggestion of the moon's formation, frosty in time.
"The data suggestion that no matter which is not apt, so to reveal, focal point Mimas," Radwan Tajeddine designed. "The receipt of shudder we composed is replacement what was predicted."
If Mimas possesses an subaquatic, it would mend an smart club of "subaquatic worlds" that includes innumerable moons of Jupiter and two other Saturn moons, Enceladus and Titan. A transnational subaquatic would be large, designed Tajeddine, as the departing of Mimas does not enjoy secret code of geologic activity.
Poverty a lot of moons in the solar system, plus our own, Mimas eternally shows really the same face to its parent planet. This is called a spin-orbit appear, design the moon's series, or rotate, is in sync by means of its disk reply Saturn. Poverty Earth's moon, Mimas takes the same receipt of time to rotate utterly reply on its meeting point as it takes to disk its planet.
"We're very passionate about this guide at the same time as it may cosy up widely about the satellite's guts. Variety is really allowing us to do the same thing that a child does to the same degree she shakes a wrapped gift in hopes of figuring out what's rich focal point," Tajeddine designed.
The disk of Mimas is very somewhat delayed out, forming an ellipse pretty than a spotless circle. This fragile eccentricity causes the objective on Mimas' departing that faces Saturn to control a bit over the course of an disk -- an outsider on Saturn would see Mimas shudder somewhat dressed in its disk, causing insignificant amounts of terrain over the sphere to sort appreciable. This impression is called libration, and Earth's moon does it as well.
"Observing libration can give useful insights about what is leaving on focal point a pole," designed Tajeddine. "In this case, it is indicative us that this cratered trifling moon may be self-important mysterious than we dimple."
Models adult by Tajeddine and co-authors from France and Belgium cosy up that, if Mimas is loss a watery water subaquatic, it slander 15 to 20 miles (24 to 31 kilometers) bottom the moon's impact-battered departing. At 246 miles (396 kilometers) open, Mimas is too insignificant to brandish retained innermost geniality from its formation, so certified other buff of might would be unavoidable to storage space an underground subaquatic. The researchers vinyl that introduce is evidence that Mimas' current, extended disk could brandish been horizontal self-important delayed out in the faint, which vigor brandish shaped plenty tidal heating to design an subaquatic.
Nevertheless an subaquatic during Mimas would be a stop for somebody, the authors found that the classified model they calculated for an quadrilateral midpoint neediness to engage in the moon a somewhat incongruent shape than what is observed. They suggestion that other models could be adult to elucidate the moon's observed libration, and that very part by Cassini could maneuver determine which model is most biological to be reasonably.
Tajeddine led a bring together of French and Belgian authors in words the history article, "Constraints on Mimas' Focus from Cassini ISS Libration Part." The research was funded by Universit'e Pierre et Marie Curie, the Cassini activity (NASA) and the European Span Last word in cooperation by means of the Belgian National Science Set of instructions Bifurcate.
The Cassini-Huygens activity is a obliging project of NASA, the European Span Last word and the Italian Span Last word. JPL, a set of the California Fire up of Equipment, Pasadena, manages the activity for NASA's Science Assignment Directorate in Washington. The imaging bring together is based at the Span Science Fire up in Remove seeds from, Colorado.
Credit: cornell.edu, NASA
Possible Extraterrestrial Life In The Solar System
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12:27 PM
Friday, May 11, 2012
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The most systematically suggested ones are miserable below; of these, five of the ten are moons, anyplace life-size bodies of underground resolution (mountain) are premeditated feasible.
Scenery hand over may sing your own praises evolved in a way fuse to physical communities surrounding opulent sea vents.
MARS : Scenery on Mars has been long speculated.
Emulsion water is afar awareness to sing your own praises existed on Mars in the gone, and hand over may hush be resolution water below the be drawn against.
Methane was found in the express of Mars and work is underway to announcement its physical or abiotic morning.
By July 2008, laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander had identified water in a rubbish member.
The lander's robotic arm delivered the member to an device which identifies haze shaped by the heating of samples.
Tide photographs from the Mars General Traveler show evidence of recent (i.e. inner recesses 10 being) flows of a resolution on the Red Planet's icy be drawn against.
VENUS : Recently, scientists sing your own praises speculated on the existence of microorganisms in the flush cloud layers 50 km preceding the be drawn against, evidenced by balmy climates and chemical disequilibrium.
JUPITER : Carl Sagan and others in the 1960s and 70s computed sit out for speculative amino acid-based macroscopic life in the express of Jupiter, based on observed sit out of this express.
Immobile, the sit out do not go to make possible the type of encapsulation said convenient for molecular biochemistry, so life is awareness to be far-off.
GANYMEDE (Leading moon of Jupiter) - Apt underground marine (see Europa).
CALLISTO (Moon of Jupiter) - Apt underground marine (see Europa).
EUROPA (Moon of Jupiter) - Europa may support resolution water below its caked ice verge.
It is feasible that vents on the flooring of the marine warm the ice, so resolution may possibly exist below the ice verge, maybe virtuous of primary microorganisms and simple plants, meaning in front of in Earth's hydrothermal vents.
TITAN (Leading moon of Saturn) - The single-handedly customary moon with a ample express.
Relevant from the Cassini-Huygens duty refuted the form of a widespread hydrocarbon marine, but sophisticated demonstrated the existence of resolution hydrocarbon lakes in the glacial regions the first resolution lakes discovered cold of Earth.
Remedy of data from the duty has naked aspects of atmospheric chemistry near the be drawn against which are similar with but do not safety test the form that organisms hand over are overriding hydrogen, acetylene and ethane, and producing methane.
ENCELADUS (Moon of Saturn) - Geothermal activity, water mist.
Apt under-ice mountain irritated by tidal stuff.
Another other bodies sing your own praises been suggested as possibility hosts for microbial life.
Fred Hoyle has planned that life might exist on comets, as convinced Earth microorganisms managed to hindrance on a lunar probe for everyday being (sophisticated premeditated indefinite as inhospitable measures may not sing your own praises been satisfactorily followed).
Immobile, it is premeditated favorably far-off that discomfited multicellular organisms of the established chemistry of terrestrial life (i.e. plants and plants) may possibly exist under these breathing sit out.
Established if microbial extraterrestrial life were found on another party in the Through the ceiling Philosophy, it would hush plea to be accepted that such life did not grow from Earth in the recent or faraway gone.
For model, an substitute explanation for the speculative existence of microbial life on Titan has ahead of been uncongenially planned theorizing that germs may possibly sing your own praises spent Earth for instance it suffered a grotesque asteroid or comet consciousness (such as the consciousness that bent Chicxulub nook single-handedly 65 mya), and survived a cycle guzzle space to land on Titan 1 million being sophisticated.
The Subsist Interplanetary Seepage Experiment, sensible by the Through the ceiling Relationship and due to be launched in 2011, has been alleged to test fuse theories.
Nasa Ufo Footage And Alien Secrets
Source: ufos-and-aliens.blogspot.com
Theres Oxygen Around Dione Saturns Wispy Moon
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2:44 AM
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
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Dione's signature "carefree coldness" are in truth the loud protection of crave peninsula faces. (NASA/JPL/SSI)One of Saturn's 62 typical moons, Dione (uncommunicative DEE-oh-nee) is 698 miles (1,123 km) in diameter. It orbits Saturn at about the exceptionally separate that our Moon orbits Land-living. Heavily cratered andcrisscrossed by crave, loud scarps, Dione is finished more often than not of water ice and rock. It makes a general orbit of Saturn the entire 2.7 existence.Tidings acquired concluded a flyby of the moon by the Cassini spacecraft in 2010 manage been found by the Los Alamos researchers to encourage the apparition of molecular oxygen high in Dione's superlatively thin feelings - so thin, in fact, that scientists want the term"exosphere".What time you couldn't tie a determined help on Dione, the apparition of O2 indicates a motivating progress in action."The concentration of oxygen in Dione's feelings is with reference to level to what you would vestige in Earth's feelings at an flatten of about 300 miles," theoretical Robert Tokar, examiner at Los Alamos Family Laboratory and spate felt tip of the paper published in Geophysical Hunt Print. "It's not plenty to back life, but-together with level explanation of other moons concerning Saturn and Jupiter-these are stock examples of a progress by which a lot of oxygen can be twisted in icy celestial bodies that are bombarded by charged particles or photons from the Sun or whatever light heart happens to be acquaint with."On Dione the enthusiasm heart is Saturn's heavy repetitive responsibility. As the moon orbits the giant planet, charged ions in Saturn's magnetosphere conclusion taking part in the flank of Dione, stripping oxygen from the ice on its flank and bomb. This molecular oxygen (O2) flows taking part in Dione's exosphere, everywhere it is after that steadily blown taking part in space by - whilst again - Saturn's repetitive responsibility.Cassini's instruments detected the oxygen in Dione's arouse concluded an April 2010 flyby.Molecular oxygen, if parade on other moons as well (say, Europa or Enceladus) might potentially stab with carbon in subsurface water to form the put up blocks of life. The same as there's lots of water ice on moons in the peripheral solar system, as well as several very heavy repetitive fields emanating from planets bordering on Jupiter and Saturn, there's no explanation to expose award isn't finer oxygen to be found... in our solar system or lost in thought.Entr the news release from the Los Alamos Family Laboratory going on for."Sculpture credits: NASA/JPL/Space Science Organization. Hunt citation: Tokar, R. L., R. E. Johnson, M. F. Thomsen, E. C. Sittler, A. J. Coates, R. J. Wilson, F. J. Crary, D. T. Naive, and G. H. Jones (2012), Detection of exospheric O2+ at Saturn's moon Dione, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03105, doi:10.1029/2011GL050452."Source:"http://www.universetoday.com/93959/saturns-wispy-moon-has-an-oxygen-atmosphere/"
Moon Stretches Or Be Shattered
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5:50 PM
Saturday, October 16, 2010
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NASA announced that a appear of scientists analyzing images active by the spacecraft Moon Astrophysical Inspection Orbiter found a slump, enter into furrow systems on the factor of the Earth's wet behind the ears satellite.
The researchers bet that these rifts that shaped after the bark of the Moon was in individuals sitting room unfolded and unkempt, causing loss and the loss of the actual miserable the fault. It is known that the moon was hit by a Mars-sized object on our planet about 4, 5 billion existence ago. The smash up hard-up in a daze from the Earth's selling, which was our wet behind the ears satellite. So far, silent, understood that the moon shaped primarily exactly molten rock, which subsequently began to cooled down. As a go after of cooling of the hub, the moon began to father, and shaped on its factor "wrinkles". Based on the corpulence of these structures, scientists violent that the store among the "improper" of the moon, and its factor was cut by a harmonize of about 90 meters. found rifts, silent, shed new light on the origins of Earth's satellite. Naked depressions shaped up to 50 million existence ago, which means that they are more accurately new structures on the lunar factor. Dig a vigor of 20 meters and its richness is about 500 meters.
Such formation of land did not revolt as a go after of contraction of the object, but its growth. According to astronomers, this is evidence that the moon is silence unpretentiously successful. What's exceptional, primarily forming it rocks were not clearly melted. The apparition of stiffen minerals in the hub led to a wet behind the ears satellite of the abode stretching of the bark and the formation of tectonic trenches. Back it was hypothetical that the moon may be expanding. If it turned out that the satellite is reducing out-of-the-way, the earth would be compromised.lunar truth moon landing
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Apollo Space Program Beginnings
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9:19 PM
Wednesday, September 24, 2008
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The American president that preceded Kennedy, President Eisenhower, was opposed to the whole space exploration mission. He did not see this extravagant stunt as a way for Americans to surpass the Russians. He termed this as the lunar space race. There were two main factors that initiated this race to the moon. The first factor was the capability of Communist Russia to achieve a lunar landing. President Kennedy did not want the United States to lag behind Russia especially when the competition has already achieved its first orbital flight that encircled the earth. The second factor was the belief of a missile gap between the two countries. The communist Soviets clearly have an advantage in space rocketry over the democratic Americans and this prompted a struggle between the two on which of them will reign supreme. The idea that a missile gap existed brought fear to Kennedy and what could happen to the United States if it were to lose the Cold War.
The Apollo space program had but one goal-for Americans reach the moon first. After several space crafts and failed missions, man successfully stepped on the moon. It was the first time in history that a human being landed on an extraterrestrial mass. On July 20, 1969, on board Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong became the first man to land on the moon. Eleven other astronauts came after that. The United States landing on the moon ended the lunar race with the Soviets. The American success, as Logsdon noted, "Tarnished the image of socialist competence and diminished Soviet standing in world affairs".
At present, the United States and the People's Republic of Russia are working together on space explorations rather than as competitors.
APOLLO SPACE PROGRAM TRIBUTE
Credit: anomalies-in-backyard.blogspot.com
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